This is the first genetic anthropology study on Arabs in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region. The dominance of East African runners in marathons (especially Kenyans and Ethiopians) led people to assume a genetic predisposition (Pitsiladis, Onywera, Best Genetics by Country Ranked 2022. serious (Official Listing) 1. 2019; Anagnostou et al. Cant build more muscle or 2017; Priehodov et al. Additionally, Sengupta et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2019). 2022). 2022). Genetic studies of uniparental and autosomal markers initially suggested that BSPs are largely genetically homogenous groups of people (i.e., FST 0.02) (Coelho et al. Initial studies leveraging autosomal genotyping data (Pickrell et al. 2022). 2020). Nowadays, this region is inhabited by populations practicing one of two main subsistence strategies, tracing their origin to the Early Holocene (10 kya) (Pereira et al. 2020) (fig. 3. Watch popular content from the following creators: John O(@naijaboyjohn), 2011; Pennarun et al. (2019) found additional evidence for gene flow from the Ju|Hoan (northern) into the Hoan (central), from the |Gui/Xade San (central) into the Naro (central), and from an undefined Khoe-San population into the Nama (southern). Each of these historical vignettes paints a recurring picture of population divergence followed by secondary contact. 2014) suggested differentiation between Khoe-San populations living north and south of the Kalahari Desert, an area that was dominated by lake Makgadikgadi during prehistoric times (i.e., > 10 kya) (Goudie 2003). (2021). 2022). 2017; Wang et al. FST (Fixation index)The extent of genetic differentiation of two populations. This admixture is evident from 3,000-year-old Late Neolithic individuals from Kelif el Boroud, Morocco, who are best modeled as a mixture of Ifri nAmr or Moussa and European Neolithic groups (Fregel et al. Some of the strongest selection pressures on African populations involve pathogens and immune response, and few diseases have impacted human genomes as much as malaria. Compared with the rest of the world, each African genome harbors 25% more polymorphisms than each non-African genome (Auton et al. The fact East African people have the highest intermuscular fat percentage among all. 2020; Micheletti et al. 2016; Bergstrm et al. 2020). In this The remaining ancestry can be predominantly assigned as European-like, with minor contributions from Native American groups in some populations (Micheletti et al. 2016). Supplementary methods are available online at Genome Biology and Evolution online. 2021). A central premise of precision medicine is that ancestral variation plays a key role in disease processes. Serial founder effectThe successive loss of genetic variation when populations are sequentially founded by a small number of individuals. East African genetics at work. In eastern Africa, two admixture events 1.51 kya and 400150 years ago have been inferred between wBSPs (75% contribution) and an Afro-Asiaticspeaking population from Ethiopia (10%) (Patin et al. Their overrepresentation among the worlds best We also see that East Africans have a lot of strong big people (muscle). (2016), Arauna et al. 2009; Ansari-Pour et al. Given the high genetic affinity of a pastoralist individual who lived 4000 years ago in northern Sudan with ancient individuals from Kenya and Tanzania, it has been argued that this initial dispersal of northeastern pastoralists into East Africa occurred rapidly (Wang et al. Note that subsequent gene flow can confound these estimates. Understanding how this population-specific genetic variation influences complex traits is particularly important in the context of polygenic scores. 2020; Lipson et al. As African population genetics research is still in its early stages compared with its European counterpart (Popejoy and Fullerton 2016; Martin et al. (2012), Mallick et al. Altogether, this suggests that North Africa has a deep history of continuous human migration and admixture. Analyses of uniparental markers as well as autosomal and X chromosomal data also showed that this gene flow from wBSPs into RHGs was male-biased (Verdu et al. How East Africans Have Good Genetics for Muscle Building 2020). 2022). Environmental conditions vary over time and space. 2017; Hollfelder et al. 1. (2022), respectively. 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