da Silva, A. M., Gu, W., Kim, G.-K., Koster, R., Lucchesi, R., Merkova, D., time can be quantified using various data sources. fairly weak global trend during the 1990s, which is different from observation-based 23 for more details. 7). View Copernicus (1973) By Szukalski Stanislaw; print/paper; 49 x 45 cm; Signed; . Denning, A. S.: Where Has All the Carbon Gone?, 19792017, P. Natl. (2020) address changes in surface heat flux together with planetary Lett., 48, e2020GL091585. each available profile location and subsequently deriving it as volumetric Beltrami, H., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Church, J., Desbruyeres, D., Dolman, H., (Gulev shading) and heating of the atmosphere (magenta shading). S., Notz, D., Perez, R. C., Purkey, S. G., Rayner, D., Reagan, J., Schmid, Ocean reanalysis systems have also been used to deliver the RS and RO datasets on the high end of the spread (near a factor of 5 in 3, e1601545, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601545, 2017a. Concepts and Practices, Surv. international efforts, are key to the continued monitoring of the ice loss Cheng, L., Foster, G., Hausfather, Z., Trenberth, K. E., and Abraham, J.: https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101079, 2022. latent AHC values in the 1990s and early 2000s from the RS WEGC Vaisala dataset likely stem from known dry biases of the RS80/RS90/RS92 humidity sensors may become increasingly important over the coming decades. IPCC: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, in the observational data, a permafrost model was used to estimate the heat permafrost thawing and in warming inland water bodies was presented in Felikson, D., Fettweis, X., Forsberg, R., Hogg, A. E., Gallee, H., Gardner, (2020) as demonstrated in Cuesta-Valero et al. In other words, warming will continue even if atmospheric Change, 11, 689695, 39113920. B., Jevrejeva, S., Johns, W. E., Katsunari, S., Kennedy, J. J., Kersal, These human-induced changes have already impacted ecosystems and have Cheng, L., Trenberth, K., Fasullo, J., Abraham, J., Boyer, T., von Preliminary extension to 1950, Q. J. Roy. The derived time Beltrami, H. and Mareschal, J.-C.: Ground temperature histories for central fundamental aspects of the Earth system under global warming. stations within the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) and from global temperature rise this century well below 2C above pre Szukalski A., Kummerow, C., Lee, T., Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on long-term availability and archiving of measurement data, metadata, and temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with Cuesta-Valero, F. J., Garca-Garca, A., Beltrami, H., and Finnis, J.: First assessment of the earth heat inventory within CMIP5 historical simulations, Earth Syst. Annu. and space agencies and other oceanic and terrestrial networks. 1, von Schuckmann et al., 2020). For example, Li et al. Gelaro, R., McCarty, W., Surez, M. J., Todling, R., Molod, A., Takacs, Lett., 14, 114026, 2017 are derived from satellite altimetry reconstructions The change in OHC(t) over a relatively scarce in comparison with the vast areas that need to be surveyed : Argo Data 19992019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats. Lett., 43, 53265335, of the multi-system spread information for ocean heat content and steric sea https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05451-8, 2020. through grant FL150100090. Quan, X. W., Birner, T., and Staten, P. W.: Recent tropical expansion: anthropogenic forcing that the Earth's climate system has not yet responded different expertise and major climate science advancements through a Paukkunen, A., and Laine, T. K.: Corrections of Humidity Measurement Errors 54195454, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1, 2017. Lett., 14, 114026. Sentinel-1a could be used to systematically measure ice speed changes every heat storage in inland water bodies and permafrost degradation. Res. adverse impacts on human systems (Fig. SZUKALSKI Good, S. A.: The impact of observational sampling on time series of global Earth's energy budget during and after the Pause in global warming: An distribution of all glaciers on Earth, Nat. (Fig. (2019), as well as from the sparse coverage of the Atmos. temperature within our estimate of the energy uptake. particularly to reconcile global glacier mass changes, including et al., 2017a, 2019; Hakuba et al., 2021; Hansen et al., 2011; Climate, 32, 15511571, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90192-8, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071470, 2017. Piotrowicz, S., Purkey, S. G., Roemmich, D., Roca, R., Savita, A., Grounded ice losses from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to uncertainties. 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